Diabetes mellitus, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, etiology. They develop what would be considered to be classic type 2 diabetes, characterized by obesity and insulin resistance with progression to. Coverage focuses on the key objective of stabilizing blood glucose levels in. Studies suggest the possibility that the japanese may have many genes susceptible to diabetes. Various genetic and environmental factors have been established as influencing the pathogenesis of this disease. Gestational diabetes mellitus gdm is a form of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester. In the past, physicians and patients were led to believe that declining sexual function was an. Glucoseregulated protein 78 in the aqueous humor of patients with diabetic macular edema. Consequent hyperglycemia is requiring lifelong insulin replacement therapy. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for.
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its treatment policy. No defect is present in earlytype2diabetes but rather is directly related to ambient plasma glucose concentration 31. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral insulin. Approximately 510% of the people who have diabetes. Prevalence, etiology, and clinical characteristics xinyuanzhang,linzhao,shijingdeng,xuguangsun,andningliwang beijing institute of ophthalmology, beijing tongren eye center, tongren hospital, capital medical university, beijing, china correspondence should be addressed t o xinyuan zhang. About 5 to 10 percent have type 1 diabetes, while 90 to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction the body attacks itself by mistake that stops your body from making insulin. Review article diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic.
Hypertension causes list of high impact articles ppts. Jdc also publishes articles on physiological and molecular aspects of glucose homeostasis. Issue 1 psychological factors in the etiology of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus type 1 t1d is a complex disease resulting from the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Etiology, complications, and treatment of diabetes. The known functions of these genes indicate the primary etiological pathways of this disease, including hla class ii and i molecules binding to preproinsulin peptides and t cell receptors, t and b cell activation. The risk of dementia has been found to be highest in people with peripheral artery disease, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the brain 8,35,40. The journal is issuing a call for submission of commentaries, original articles. This article is a revised english version of a paper originally published in the journal of the japan medical association vol.
A highly informative guide to the etiology of diabetes. Recently, it has become widely recognized that the. This book is especially helpful to healthcare professionals and others of you who want to understand more about the science behind diabetes and how to reverse it from a scientific perspective. Our understanding of the etiology of type 1 diabetes t1d remains limited and originates to a large extent from two animal models.
Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in children. Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. The concept that diabetes mellitus is not a single disease. Sixteen million individuals in the united states with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an additional. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulindependent diabetes and juvenile diabetes, involves the immune system. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2. Dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus. Effect of social factors and the natural environment on the.
Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural. Recent genetic mapping and genephenotype studies have revealed the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes. At least ten genes so far can be singled out as strong causal candidates. Though diagnosis of type 1 diabetes frequently occurs in childhood, 84% of. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its treatment policy jmaj 531. Mostly patients with diabetes mellitus have either type 1 diabetes which is immunemediated or idiopathic. Type 1 diabetes t1d is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction or damaging of the betacells in the islets of langerhans results in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. The purpose of this module is to provide professional nurses with current information about the epidemiology and etiology of diabetes mellitus and with information about how the disease is diagnosed. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in children aged 4 years and older, and the peak incidence in children occurs between the ages of 11 and years khardori, 2011. The molecular genetics of diabetes received extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in the biomedical field. The incidence of type 1 diabetes t1d has risen steadily in developed countries from the 1950s to the present day, with the recent, alarming prediction that it will double in children under age 5 years by 2020 patterson et al.
Introduction diabetes mellitus dm is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Smoking, obesity, family history of high blood pressure but there are several secondary causes of hypertension such as kidney disease, diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. An other area of particular interest has been the search for diabetes skyler and associates. By studying the etiological conditions of infectious diseases, communicable and noncommunicable diseases its cure and prevention can be intervened. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dissecting the etiology of type 2 diabetes in the pima indian. Diabetes is an enormous public health problem it causes. Oct 09, 2019 diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by the following. Type 2 diabetes is much more common and accounts for 9095% of all diabetes. In pregnancy, several physiologic changes take place, the sum of which tends to reset the glucose homeostasis in the direction of diabetes. The first page of the pdf of this article appears above. Type 1 diabetes is also known as childhood diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or juvenile diabetes.
Diabetes can be managed with proper treatment, and complications from type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with change in diet and exercise and. Diabetes results in abnormal levels of glucose in the bloodstream. The increase in understanding of the pathogenesis of t1dm has made it possible to consider interventions to slow the autoimmune disease process in an. Asian journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. There is no common diabetes cause that fits every type of diabetes as the causes of diabetes vary depending on the individual and the type. We only know for sure that autoimmunity is the predominant effector mechanism of t1d, but may not be its primary cause. Type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm is currently a public health problem worldwide and a threat to human health and social development. Etiology is a reference to the cause or a set of causes to a specific condition or disorder. The primary cause of high blood pressure remains unknown in almost 90% of the cases.
T1dm is caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Key words type 2 diabetes, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance. Early diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes is essential using recommended hemoglobin a1c criteria for different types. Developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or nafld, occurs in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Screening and diagnosis is still based on world health organization who and american diabetes. Pdf causes, complications and management of diabetes. Diabetes management presents findings, analysis and commentary on the battle with type i and type ii diabetes. Etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus sciencedirect. Recent diabetes research and clinical practice articles. Causes, complications and management of diabetes mellitus aftab ahmad jan 1, alamgir khan 2, salahuddin khan 3, manzoor khan 4 1 faculty of pharmacy gomal university dera ismail khan kp. Diabetes mellitus dm is a metabolic disorder characterized by the. The pima indian population of arizona has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes of any population in the world, and the pima indians of the gila river indian community have probably been the most studied group for the causes and consequences of diabetes. Epstein and sowers diabetes mellitus and hypertension 405 hypertensive at the time of diagnosis of diabetes probably representing essential hypertension and relating in part to obesity. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, gestational diabetes and covers all aspects of diabetes.
Topics include etiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention of diabetes, as well as associated complications such as nephropathy. Evaluation of diabetes patienteducation programs deterioration of the microcirculation in diabetes dietaryfiber hypothesis of the etiology of diabetes mellitus. Articles published in diabetes management address improvements in current therapeutics and patient compliance together with perspectives on future prospects. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and.
Type 1 diabetes happens when your immune system destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This is a type of diabetes mellitus that occurs due to the. However, some things may play a role in its development, including. Providing care to people with diabetes is an important part of the effort. Etiology, complications, and treatment of diabetes diabetes. Whereas t2dm appears to be an increasing price paid for societal affluence, there is also evidence worldwide of a rising tide of t1dm. This book is especially helpful to healthcare professionals and others of you who want to understand more about the science behind diabetes. Journal of diabetes research publishes articles related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pdf classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowlyover the course of several yearsand can be so mild that you might not even notice them. In the etiology of diabetes insipidus, there are four main causes. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological andor metabolic disorder with.
Etiology type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secre42 jmaj, januaryfebruary 2010 vol. Diabetes causes vary depending on your genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health and environmental factors. Epidemiology and etiology of type 2 diabetes exdiabetic. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and. This can cause severe shortterm and longterm consequences ranging from brain damage to amputations and heart disease ada, 2007. Etiology, immunology, and therapeutic strategies tom l. Etiology list of high impact articles ppts journals.
Until recently, erectile dysfunction ed was one of the most neglected complications of diabetes. Recent progress in understanding the genetic basis of t1d has resulted in an increased recognition of childhood diabetes heterogeneity. The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm and its complications is a major threat to public health. Diabetes is a condition associated with high morbidity, elevated mortality, and a decreased quality of life. For more information about the epidemiology and etiology of types 2 diabetes, refer to the sciences of diabetes ebook. Diabetes care is a journal for the health care practitioner that is intended to increase knowledge, stimulate research, and promote better management of people with diabetes. It can also refer to the investigation, attribution, or diagnosis of a specific condition, illness, disease, or disorder. There does appear to be a genetic component to type 1 diabetes, but the cause has yet to be identified. Observed rates of mitochondrial atp production can be modi.
In the etiology of diabetes insipidus, there are four main causes that are currently known to create the condition. Pdf the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2. To achieve these goals, the journal publishes original articles on human studies in the following categories. The journal of diabetes was started more than a decade ago in a spirit of collaboration between east and west addressing the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, management, complications and prevention of diabetes. In most cases, the bodys immune system attacks and destroys the part of the. During pregnancy the placenta produces hormones that help the baby develop. Etiology of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients using the.
Learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of type 1 diabetes. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can start quickly, in a matter of weeks. While metformin remains firstline treatment for type 2 diabetes, there are now two classes of medications to improve diabetes outcomes. Although a defect in mitochondrial function is associated with extremes of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle 30, this does not appear to be relevant to the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment.
The origin and etiology of dm can vary greatly but always include defects in either insulin secretion or response or in both at some point in the course of disease. Regardless of the pathophysiology of diabetes, chronic high blood glucose. Recently, it has become widely recognized that the functional pancreatic cell mass decreases over time and type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease. After the initial success of familybased linkage analyses, which uncovered the strong linkage and association between hla gene. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus academic journals. Citescore values are based on citation counts in a given year e.
Etiology and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus claus kuhl, peter j hornnes, ole andersen diabetes jun 1985, 34 supplement 2 6670. Etiology of obesity list of high impact articles ppts. Review article dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and. Type 1 diabetes the journal of clinical endocrinology. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90%95% of all cases of the disease khardori, 2011.
Type 1 diabetes is said to account for only a minority of the total burden of diabetes in a population although it is the major type of the diabetes. Diabetes journal diabetes mellitus journal open access. Cardiovascular disease associated with obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and diabetes are associated with vascular dementias and alzheimers disease. Classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of. On the etiology of type 1 diabetes pubmed central pmc. Root causes of diabetes mellitus dm the root causes of diabetes are complex. In 20 it was estimat ed t hat over 382 mil lion peopl e. However, the influence of social factors and the natural environment on dm incidence should. It can occur at any age but most often happens in children and young adults. Genetic and epigenetic factors in etiology of diabetes. Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. About 12% of all pregnant women develop an abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy, but most often glucose tolerance returns to normal postpartum. In epidemiology etiology plays a vital role to understand the origin and cause of the disease.
Diabetes and erectile dysfunction clinical diabetes. Journal of diabetes and its complications jdc is a journal for health care practitioners and researchers, that publishes original research about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Diabetes can be managed with proper treatment, and complications from type 2 diabetes. Japanese study of type ii diabetics,31 161 of 374 43%. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. Etiology of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients using. Epigenetic regulation in etiology of type 1 diabetes.
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